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Welcome! This is a collection of learning, reference, and other resources for ZBrush. In addition, you can contribute your own insights and knowledge by editing parts of this site. If you cannot find your answer here, visit us at ZBrushCentral
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| 3D computer graphics |
| Basics |
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3D modeling / 3D rendering
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| Primary Uses |
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Computer aided design
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| Related concepts |
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Computer-generated
imagery
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3D computer graphics software refers to programs used to create 3D computer-generated imagery. There are typically many stages in the "pipeline" that studios use to create 3D objects for film and games, and this article only covers some of the software used. Note that most of the 3D packages have a very plugin-oriented architecture, and high-end plugins costing tens or hundreds of thousands of dollars are often used by studios. Larger studios usually create enormous amounts of proprietary software to run alongside these programs.
If you are just getting started out in 3D, one of the major packages is usually sufficient to begin learning. Remember that 3D animation can be very difficult, time-consuming, and unintuitive; a teacher or a book will likely be necessary. Most of the high-end packages have free versions designed for personal learning.
Contents |
A comprehensive comparison of significant 3D packages can be found at CG Society Wiki.
Non-Commercial
Blender (Blender Foundation) is a free 3D studio for animation, modeling, rendering, and texturing offering a feature set comparable to high end and mid range 3d animation suites such as Maya, 3ds Max, or Cinema 4D. It includes advanced features such as multiresolution sculpting; retopology painting; 3D view texture painting; stack based modifier system; advanced particle system with particle based hair; cloth/softbody dynamics, hardbody dynamics and fluid simulation; node based texturing and node based compositing; an integrated non linear video editor; and integrated game engine. Blender is developed under the GPL and runs on all major platforms including Windows, OS X, Linux, BSD, Sun, and Irix. It is also the only 3D animation suite that is flexible enough to have been scaled upwards to work on super computers but also scaled down to work on handheld computers such as the Pocket PC (Pocket Blender). Has a very unique interface which can make it hard to start learning.
Commercial
3ds Max (Autodesk), originally called 3D Studio MAX, is the leading animation program in the video game industry. Experts argue that it is very good at handling low-polygon animation, but perhaps its greatest asset to the computer/video industry is its entrenched support network and its many plugins. It is also a more expensive high-end package, coming at US$3500, compared to about US$2000 for the others. Because of its presence in the video game industry, it is also a popular hobbyist package. 3ds Max is also widely used in architectural visualizations because it goes hand-in-hand very well with AutoCAD--also developed by Autodesk.
Cinema 4D (MAXON) is a slightly lighter package than the others in its basic configuration. Its main asset is its artist-friendliness, avoiding the complicated technical nature of the other packages and its low entry cost because of the modular structure of its functions. For example, a popular module, BodyPaint, allows artists to draw textures directly onto the surface of models. It is also available for Mac OS X, Windows and Linux OS.
form-Z (autodessys, Inc.) is a general purpose 3D modeler. Its primary usage is modeling, but also has limited rendering and animation capabilities. Many of its users are architects, but also include designers from many fields including interior designers, illustrators, product designers, and set designers. Its default renderer uses the LightWorks rendering engine for raytracing and radiosity. formZ has been around since 1991, available for both the Macintosh and Windows operating systems. The price is approximately $1495-$2390 depending on how much photorealistic rendering power is desired.
Houdini (Side Effects Software) is a high-end package that is found often in studios. Its most common use is in animating special effects, rather than models. With a price tag of US$17,000, Houdini is the most expensive high-end 3D computer graphics package available.
LightWave 3D (NewTek) is a popular 3D package because of its easy-to-learn and efficient interface; many artists prefer it to the more technical Maya or 3DS Max. It has more powerful polygon modeling capabilities than other programs, and Lightwave introduced many concepts which have later been adopted in other packages. Its animation features are less powerful than some of the larger packages, but it is still used widely in film and broadcasting. It's particularly well known for the outstanding quality of its render engine. (US $795)
Massive is the premier 3D animation system for generating crowd-related visual effects for film and television. Originally developed for controlling large-scale CGI battles in the Lord of the Rings, Massive Software has become an industry standard for digital crowd control in high end animation. Recently, the software has been utilized for blockbuster feature films including Happy Feet, King Kong, and I, Robot.
Maya (Autodesk) is currently the leading animation program for cinema; nearly every studio uses it. It is known as difficult to learn, but it is possibly the most powerful 3D package. When studios use Maya, they typically replace parts of it with proprietary software. Studios will also render using Pixar's Renderman, rather than the default mentalray. Autodesk, makers of 3ds max, has recently acquired Alias--the original creator of Maya. Maya comes in two versions: Maya Complete (US$1999) and Maya Unlimited (US$6999)
Modo (Luxology) is an advanced subdivision modeling, texturing and rendering tool. It has seen rapid adoption by 3D content creators in the movie and games industry due to its extremely powerful polygon modeling toolset. (895$)
Silo (Nevercenter) is a subdivision-surface modeler available for Mac OS X and Windows, with a Linux OS version in development. Silo does not include a renderer and is priced accordingly ($109). Silo is the current recommended modeler for the Electric Image Animation System suite.
SketchUp Pro (Google) is a 3D modeling package that has an innovative sketch based modeling approach (495$)
Softimage|XSI (Avid) is often seen as head-to-head competition with Maya, and is very feature-similar. Fans of the two packages often will often argue the merits of each. The early Softimage 3D was once the leader in animation, but lagged as Maya surged ahead. The Newer Softimage XSI with more features and integrated Mental Ray rendering is now trying to reclaim the top spot.
TrueSpace (Caligari Corporation) is a feature-rich 3D package with modeling, animation, 3D-painting, and rendering capabilities for an affordable price. (from $199 for Version 5.2 to $595 for the latest Version 7)
ZBrush (Pixologic) is a digital sculpting tool that combines 3D/2.5D modeling, texturing and painting tool available for Mac OS X and Windows. It is priced at 489$.
See also 3D modeler
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This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards.
Please discuss this issue on the talk page or replace this tag with a more specific message. This article has been tagged since September 2006. |
Commercial
Animation:Master focuses on animation. It might be quicker and easier to learn and to use than the major packages.
Bryce (DAZ productions) is most famous for landscapes.
Carrara (Eovia) is a 3D complete tool set package for 3D modeling, texturing animation and rendering; and Amapi and Hexagon (Eovia) are 3D packages often used for high-end abstract and organic modeling respectively.
Daz Studio a specialized tool for adjusting parameters of preexisting models, posing and rendering them. Similar to Poser, but more limited in functionality.
DX Studio a complete integrated development environment for creating interactive 3D graphics. The system comprises both a real-time 3D engine and a suite of editing tools, and is the first product to offer a complete range of tools in a single IDE.
MilkShape 3D is a shareware/trialware polygon 3D modelling program with extensive import/export capabilities.
Poser (E-frontier) Poser is a 3D rendering and animation software program optimized for models that depict the human figure in three-dimensional form and is specialized for adjusting features of preexisting character models via varying parameters. It is also for posing and rendering of models and characters. It includes some specialized tools for walk cycle creation, cloth and hair.
Vue (e-on) is landscape generation software.
Non-Commercial
Anim8or is another free 3d rendering and animation package.
Art of Illusion is another free software package developed under the GPL.
DeleD 3D Editor is a fully functional game-oriented 3D Editor. PRO version also available.
DIALux is light making software. It also makes buildings / architectural modeling and a little more. Used to cost thousands of dollars. It has renderers as well.
Landscape Studio is a Java-based heightmap generator.
MeshLab is an open source Windows and Linux application for visualizing, simplifying, processing and converting three dimensional meshes to or from a variety of 3d file formats.
ShapeShop is a free sketch-based 3D modeling tool based on hierarchical implicit surfaces. Like Sketchup, it is very easy to use, but can create a much wider range of smooth surfaces.
SharpConstruct is a free 3d modeling program that works like ZBrush.
Terragen and Terragen 2 are freeware scenery generators.
Wings 3D is a BSD-licensed, minimal modeler.
K-3D is a GNU modeling, animation, and rendering system available on Linux and Win32. It makes use of RenderMan-compliant render engines. It features scene graph procedural modelling similar to that found in Houdini.
Pixar's RenderMan is the premier renderer, used in many studios. Animation packages such as 3DS Max and Maya can pipeline to RenderMan to do all the rendering.
mental ray is another popular renderer, and comes default with most of the high-end packages.
VRay is also a popular renderer--used primarily by those working in the architectural visualization field--for 3ds max and 3ds viz.
RPS Ray Trace and AccuRender for SketchUp add photorealistic rendering capabilities to SketchUp.
Pixie is an open source photorealistic renderer.
POV-Ray (or The Persistence of Vision Raytracer) is a freeware (with source) ray tracer written for multiple platforms.
Sunflow is an open source, photo-realistic renderer written in Java.
YafRay (or Yet Another Free Raytracer) is an open source ray tracing program that utilizes XML for scene description. Recently it has been integrated with Blender.
Indigo Renderer is a closed source (but free for all uses) photorealistic renderer that utilizes XML for scene description. Exporters available for Blender, Maya (Mti), Cinema4D, Rhino, 3ds Max.
Swift3D is a package for transforming models in Lightwave or 3DS Max into Flash animations. Match moving software is commonly used to match live video with computer-generated video, keeping the two in sync as the camera moves. Poser is the most popular program for modeling people. After producing video, studios then edit or composite the video using programs such as Adobe Premiere or Apple Final Cut at the low end, or Autodesk Combustion or Apple Shake at the high end. MetaCreations Detailer and Painter 3D are discontinued software applications specifically for painting texture maps on 3-D Models. Any raster graphic editor software may be used to touch up rendered 3D still images from any 3D software application.
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http://www.divxland.org/software.php#subtools
clipped by imota Mar 04, 2007
converters DivXLand.org editing freeware players software subtitle tools video
Notes by imota: The most important software for digital video management is here distributed in common categories. All software here is for Windows platform and most of it is Freeware....
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List of open source applications which run on Windows and are completely free.
If you want to display this list on your existing web site or blog, insert this code into your pages:
Note: Javascript and RSS feed are provided for non-commercial use only. Hide..
The worlds most famous browser which is completely free and open source. It runs on Windows too.
FileZilla is a fast FTP and SFTP client for Windows with a lot of features. FileZilla Server is a reliable FTP server.
OpenOffice.org is a multiplatform and multilingual office suite and an open-source project. Compatible with all other major office suites, the product is free to download, use, and distribute
VLC (initially VideoLAN Client) is a highly portable multimedia player for various audio and video formats (MPEG-1, MPEG-2, MPEG-4, DivX, mp3, ogg, ...) as well as DVDs, VCDs, and various streaming protocols. It can also be used as a server to stream in unicast or multicast in IPv4 or IPv6 on a high-bandwidth network.
Install Gaim from http://gaim.sourceforge.net and chat with your friends who are using any major messenger application. Currently, it supports Yahoo, msn, Aol, Jabber and many others.
7-Zip is a file archiver with the highest compression ratio. The program supports 7z, ZIP, CAB, RAR, ARJ, GZIP, BZIP2, TAR, CPIO, RPM and DEB formats. Compression ratio in the new 7z format is 30-50% better than ratio in ZIP format. Has performed well on Windows.
The Free, Cross-Platform Sound Editor
Audacity is free, open source software for recording and editing sounds. It is available for Mac OS X, Microsoft Windows, GNU/Linux, and other operating systems.
Free open-source disk encryption software for Windows XP/2000/2003 and Linux
Simple to use, powerful, and customizable, Thunderbird is a full-featured email application. Thunderbird supports IMAP and POP mail protocols, as well as HTML mail formatting. Easily import your existing email accounts and messages. Built-in RSS capabilities, powerful quick search, spell check as you type, global inbox, deleting attachments and advanced message filtering round out Thunderbird's modern feature set.
ClamWin is a (world class) Free Antivirus for Microsoft Windows 98/Me/2000/XP and 2003. It provides a graphical user interface to the Clam AntiVirus engine. ClamWin Free Antivirus comes with an easy installer and open source code. You may download and use it absolutely free of charge.
Launchy is a free windows utility designed to help you forget about your start menu, your desktop icons, and your file manager. Launchy indexes and launches your applications, documents, project files, folders, and bookmarks with just a few keystrokes!
Eraser is a secure data removal tool for Windows. It completely removes sensitive data from your hard drive by overwriting it several times with carefully selected patterns. Eraser is an advanced security tool (for Windows), which allows you to completely remove sensitive data from your hard drive by overwriting it several times with carefully selected patterns. Works with Windows 95, 98, ME, NT, 2000, XP and DOS. Eraser is FREE software and its source code is released under GNU General Public License.
The minimal server solution for windows - 3.6Mb only. It includes latest versions of Apache2, Perl5, PHP5, MySQL4, phpMyAdmin,... NO INSTALLATION REQUIRED! NO REGISTRY DUST!!! Just unpack and start. Set up your webserver in seconds and web away....
Ethereal is a network protocol analyzer for Unix and Windows. It allows you to examine data from a live network or from a capture file on disk. You can interactively browse the capture data, viewing summary and detail information for each packet.
UltraVNC is an easy to use, fast and free sotware that can display the screen of another computer (via internet or network) on your own screen. The program allows you to use your mouse and keyboard to control the other PC remotely. It means that you can work on a remote computer, as if you were sitting in front of it, right from your current location.
GIMP is the GNU Image Manipulation Program. It is a freely distributed piece of software for such tasks as photo retouching, image composition and image authoring. It works on many operating systems, in many languages.
Paint.NET is image and photo manipulation software designed to be used on computers that run Windows 2000, XP, or Server 2003. It started development at Washington State University as an undergraduate senior design project mentored by Microsoft, and is currently being maintained by some of the alumni that originally worked on it. It is meant to be a free replacement for the MS Paint software that comes with all Windows operating systems. The programming language used to create Paint.NET is C#.
PuTTY is a free implementation of Telnet and SSH for Win32 and Unix platforms, along with an xterm terminal emulator. It is written and maintained primarily by Simon Tatham.
WinMerge is an Open Source visual text file differencing and merging tool for Win32 platforms. It is highly useful for determing what has changed between project versions, and then merging changes between versions.
Notepad++ is a free source code editor (and Notepad replacement) which supports several programming languages running under the MS Windows environment. Extremely light and with huge number of features.
eMule is a good file sharing client which relies on edonkey and kad networks
Really Slick Screensavers is a collection of "crazy OpenGL" screensavers to be run on Windows.
A spam filtering tool for Outlook. The SpamBayes project is working on developing a statistical (commonly, although a little inaccurately, referred to as Bayesian) anti-spam filter, initially based on the work of Paul Graham. The major difference between this and other, similar projects is the emphasis on testing newer approaches to scoring messages. While most anti-spam projects are still working with the original graham algorithm, we found that a number of alternate methods yielded a more useful response. This is documented on the background page.
Vnc2swf is a screen recording tool for X-Window (X11), Windows and Mac OS Desktop. Vnc2swf captures live motion of a screen through VNC protocol and converts it a Macromedia Flash(TM) movie (.swf)."
Tor is an implementation of second-generation onion routing - an anonymity system enabling its users to communicate anonymously on the Internet. Originally sponsored by the US Naval Research Laboratory, Tor became an Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) project in late 2004. The EFF supported Tor financially until November 2005, and continues to provide web hosting for the project. Easily configured and run from Windows.
MaxFisher is a powerful and convenient search engine for personal computers and intranets. It is implemented in pure Java with indexing done by the very efficient Lucene engine. MaxFisher can be thought of as a cross platform replacement for Google Desktop with enhanced file support, security and privacy. Can serve not only as Google Desktop replacement, but as a free replacement for Googles search appliances.
K-Meleon is an extremely fast, customizable, lightweight web browser for the win32 (Windows) platform based on the Gecko layout engine (the rendering engine of Mozilla). K-Meleon is free, open source software released under the GNU General Public License.
Shareaza is a peer-to-peer client for Windows that allows you to download any file-type found on several popular P2P networks.
The Windows port of the famous Vim text editor on Windows.
WinDirStat is a disk usage statistics viewer and cleanup tool for Microsoft Windows (all current variants).
DocSearcher uses the Open Source Lucene and POI Apache APIs as well as the Open Source PDF Box API to provide searching capabilities for HTML Document HTML, MS Word Document MS Word, MS Excell Document MS Excell, RTF Document RTF, PDF Document PDF, Open Office Document Open Office (and Star Office) Documents, and Text Document text documents. Other file formats are currently not supported.
Runs on all systems with JAVA support.
An audio production & mixing tool, featuring a - Sequencer, Beat Box, Wave Recording, Frequency Modulation, DJ Scratch interface and sampler playback (the ability to assign any sample to any key) - For Windows, written in C# .Net 2.0 utilising DirectX
IMGV is a powerful, free and open source, Image Viewer that tries to do what other image viewers cannot. It can run on most versions of Microsoft Windows and Unix systems (Linux, FreeBSD, Mac OS X, and others)
Summary: Includes standard and unique features such as a File and Directory Browser. Slideshows. Zooming. Rotating. EXIF support. Gamma Correction. Histograms. Full-Screen support. Wallpaper Setting. Ability to view four images at a time (and slideshow). Adjustable thumbnails. Playlists. View and download images from URLs. MPEG movie playing. Image searching and filtering. Multiple-directory and sub-directory loading. Customizable interface. Transitional effects. Image hiding (with password protection). And much more.
An excellent light weight fast http web server. Very easy to setup and available for almost all platform. The source code is available. It has received rave reviews from many people and is being used in production boxes to support huge websites.
Lighty Tray is a system tray menu to control and configure LightTPD. It is easy to use and simple to understand. I don't think anyone would have to go through a learning curve to use it. Best of all anyone is free to edit and configure the entire tray menu whichever way.
FreeMeter is a simple, friendly network monitoring and diagnosis tool, written in C# using the MS .NET Framework 2.0 and Visual Studio 2005. Its primary function is to display graphically how much data you are transferring over the network interfaces in your computer. It is also a handy tool for tasks such as copying broken URLs to your browser, pinging and tracing other computers, and watching for new email.
Every office seems to have one vital person who is the only one who can find anything in the file cabinets. Wilbur wants to be the electronic equivalent of that person for your computer. His Qualifications:
* He's fast
* He's efficient
* He's FREE!.
* His source code is available
Give him a chance and he will quickly make an index so he can tell you where to find files containing any information you need now.
"The File Seeker" is an application for find files in hard disks quickly.
Wilma is a program for quickly finding text lurking in the files on your computer. It does this by creating an index of what words are in which files and this allows it to later find files containing a given word or set of words almost instantaneously. More at http://open-source.onestop.net/2006/02/wilbur-wilma-and-file-seeker.html
TestDisk is a powerful data recovery utility! It was primarily designed to help recover lost partitions and/or make non-booting disks bootable again when these symptoms are caused by faulty software, certain types of viruses or human error (such as accidentally erasing your Partition Table). Find more here:http://open-source.onestop.net/2006/03/testdisk.html
regain is a search engine similar to web search engines like Google, with the difference that you don't search the web, but your own files and documents. Using regain you can search through large portions of data (several gigabytes!) in split seconds!
A computer recorder. Record audio and video from your computer screen into .mov-files and .wav-files. Can be used to e.g. make instructional videos or record games. Could also be used to record streaming video and audio.
TaskSwitchXP is an advanced task management utility that picks up where the standard Windows Alt+Tab switcher leaves off. It provides the same functionality, and adds visual styles to the dialog and also enhances it by displaying thumbnail preview of the application that will be switched to. TaskSwitchXP also has a powerful process and window management capability that allows you quickly to close/minimize applications and their groups. The unique capabilities of TaskSwitchXP make it useful for tracking down multitudinous windows, and provide insight into the way Windows and applications work.
Folder Size for Windows adds a new column to the Details view in Windows Explorer. The new column shows not only the size of files, but also the size of folders. It keeps track of which folders you view, and scans them in the background so you can see complete size of all files within the folder. It's very useful for cleaning up your disk. Once you get used to having that information available, a directory listing simply looks incomplete without it!
Hide Windows Basic can hide any desktop window with keyboard shortcuts, or via its own user interface. The windows can be restored to the same state at any later time.
WinSCP is an open source freeware SFTP client for Windows using SSH. Legacy SCP protocol is also supported. Its main function is safe copying of files between a local and a remote computer.
The Unidentified Flying Raw (UFRaw) is a utility to read and manipulate raw images from digital cameras. It can be used on its own or as a Gimp plug-in. It reads raw images using Dave Coffin's raw conversion utility - DCRaw.
Jarnal is an open-source application for notetaking, sketching, keeping a journal, making a presentation, annotating a document - including pdf - or collaborating using a stylus, mouse or keyboard. It is similar to Microsoft Windows Journal and to the earlier Mimeo whiteboarding and Palm notepad applications. There is also a commercial knockoff of Jarnal called PDF Annotator - for $50 you can enjoy a subset of the capabilities that Jarnal provides for free.
Dave's Quick Search Deskbar is an add-on for the Windows Desktop Taskbar that lets you launch searches quickly. With dozens of search engines, a calculator, clock, calendar, and more in one little textbox, it's monster functionality in a flea-sized GUI.
Winpooch is a Windows watchdog, free and open source. Anti spyware and anti trojan, it gives a full protection against local or external attacks by scanning the activity of programs in real time. Associated with ClamWin antivirus, Winpooch keeps safe your computer against virus.
No frills music player is what I will call that. Indeed no installation and no nothing else. Just click and start playing. It can support a huge list of fomats and plays good.Features: GNU General Public License Freeform Skins Simple User Interface Advanced Playlist editor Internet streaming ID3 Multitagger File Renamer Fast mp3->wav converter MAD mpeg engine OGG Vorbis support Winamp input plugins support Smallest executable programmed in blazing fast 'C' Continuous play 8 band precision equalizer Lot's more... Try it to know it... Its just 548Kb of a elephant ;)
Virtual Desktop will create new desktops for you and let you to switch between desks and windows quick and easy. This project consist in two applications: one NT service which manage desktops and another which create desktops. Service requires 2MB ram.
VirtuaWin is an application for the Windows user community that misses the wonderful virtual desktop functionality often used on Unix systems. It is simple, powerful and highly configurable.
The project tries to create a free, fast and feature-full virtual desktop manager for Microsoft Windows.
The eLearning XHTML editor (eXe) is a web-based authoring environment designed to assist teachers and academics in the design, development and publishing of web-based learning and teaching materials without the need to become proficient in HTML, XML or complicated web-publishing applications.
Virtual Magnifying Glass 2.35 is a free, open source, screen magnification tool for Windows. It is simple, customizable, and easy-to-use.
RAMpage is a Windows utility that displays the amount of available memory in the System Tray. It can also free memory; by double clicking the tray icon, by setting a threshold that activates the program automatically, or by having it run automatically when an application exits. RAMpage is free to use, and the source code is also freely available.
AstroGrep is a windows gui grep utility. Grep is a UNIX command-line program which searches within files for keywords.
A utility which converts PDF files into HTML and XML formats.
AutoHotkey is a free, open-source utility for Windows. With it, you can: * Automate almost anything by sending keystrokes and mouse clicks. You can write a mouse or keyboard macro by hand or use the macro recorder.
And much much more...!
It is a tool which completes a word or a piece of text we type dynamically. As we type the words the application gives us the next few possible words which might complete the sentence for us. The application learns what we type and then suggests the possible words that we might be using. A very cool and very useful tool for anyone.
A Note is a program that lets you create post-it like notes on your Microsoft Windows desktop. The program sits in the system tray and with either one click or a double click a new note appears and you can write the message directly.
HandyNotes is a small software program that makes it easy to keep all your notes organized in one easily accessible place.
With HandyNotes, any time you need to jot something down you can just click on an icon and create a new note. If you need to refer to previous notes, you can easily browse them, or search for a keyword.
Stickies for Windows lets you put yellow sticky notes on your Windows desktop, much like the popular MacOS application. It is very simple, very customizable, and completely free!
A cross-platform image viewer "written in Python + wxPython + PIL. It doesn't pretend to be complete, fast, or even useful, but I like it and it is the viewer I use on both Linux and Windows. It has been inspired by the famous Windows-only ACDSee."
TrueDownloader is a open source download manager/accelerator with good features like Pause/Resume downloads, simultaneous downloads, segmented downloads for acceleration . Both HTTP and FTP protocols are supported , and it's very fast ! You can even improve it or adapt it to your needs since it's open-source. Some special features like HTTP/FTP Proxy support and ZIP previewing are supported too.
Adds mouse gestures to Internet Explorer. Use your mouse to control your browser!
CoolMon is a program for monitoring vital system stats and almost anything else you wish to display on the desktop. It can also display stats from remote pc's and publish real-time stats on a webpage. The application can display CPU, RAM and page file usage, hard drive usage, MotherBoard Monitor temperatures and fan speeds, various network stats and much, much more.
Vital Desktop is a desktop animation utility, a program designed to bring a fresh new look to your desktop. Never again will you be faced with the same static background every time. Now, your desktop actually comes alive!
The idea behind Vital Desktop is simple. You have a favourite screensaver. Why wait until it starts? Or you are bored with the static picture on your desktop. Well - pick a screensaver. Run it on your desktop. Make it vital!
great little "run bar" for launching programs, website etc. Very customizable. Nice little "useful" program.
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http://www.rmlearning.com/80568.htm
clipped by imota Sep 12, 2006
education learning math software
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In computer networking, the process of network address translation (NAT, also known as network masquerading or IP-masquerading) involves re-writing the source and/or destination addresses of IP packets as they pass through a router or firewall. Most systems using NAT do so in order to enable multiple hosts on a private network to access the Internet using a single public IP address (see gateway). According to specifications, routers should not act in this way, but many network administrators find NAT a convenient technique and use it widely. Nonetheless, NAT can introduce complications in communication between hosts.
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NAT first became popular as a way to deal with the IPv4 address shortage and to avoid the difficulty of reserving IP addresses. Use of NAT has proven particularly popular in countries other than the United States, which (for historical reasons) have fewer address-blocks allocated per capita. It has become a standard feature in routers for home and small-office Internet connections, where the price of extra IP addresses would often outweigh the benefits.
In a typical configuration, a local network uses one of the designated "private" IP address subnets (the RFC 1918 Private Network Addresses are 192.168.x.x, 172.16.x.x through 172.31.x.x, and 10.x.x.x), and a router on that network has a private address (such as 192.168.0.1) in that address space. The router is also connected to the Internet with a single "public" address (known as "overloaded" NAT) or multiple "public" addresses assigned by an ISP. As traffic passes from the local network to the Internet, the source address in each packet is translated on the fly from the private addresses to the public address(es). The router tracks basic data about each active connection (particularly the destination address and port). When a reply returns to the router, it uses the connection tracking data it stored during the outbound phase to determine where on the internal network to forward the reply; the TCP or UDP client port numbers are used to demultiplex the packets in the case of overloaded NAT, or IP address and port number when multiple public addresses are available, on packet return. To a system on the Internet, the router itself appears to be the source/destination for this traffic.
Hosts behind a NAT-enabled router do not have true end-to-end connectivity and cannot participate in some Internet protocols. Services that require the initiation of TCP connections from the outside network, or stateless protocols such as those using UDP, can be disrupted. Unless the NAT router makes a specific effort to support such protocols, incoming packets cannot reach their destination. Some protocols can accommodate one instance of NAT between participating hosts ("passive mode" FTP, for example), sometimes with the assistance of an Application Layer Gateway (see below), but fail when both systems are separated from the internet by NAT. Use of NAT also complicates security protocols such as IPsec.
End-to-end connectivity has been a core principle of the Internet, supported for example by the Internet Architecture Board. Some people thus regard NAT as a detriment to the Public Internet. Some internet service providers (ISPs) only provide their customers with "local" IP addresses. Thus, these customers must access services external to the ISP's network through NAT. As a result, some may argue that such companies do not properly provide "Internet" service.
Depending on one's point of view, another drawback of NAT is that it greatly slowed the acceptance of IPv6, relegating it to research networks and limited public use.
In addition to the convenience and low cost of NAT, the lack of full bidirectional connectivity can be regarded in some situations as a "feature", rather than a "limitation". To the extent that NAT depends on a machine on the local network to initiate any connection to hosts on the other side of the router, it prevents malicious activity initiated by outside hosts from reaching those local hosts. This can enhance the reliability of local systems by stopping worms and enhance privacy by discouraging scans. Many NAT-enabled firewalls use this as the core of the protection they provide.
The greatest benefit of NAT is that it is a practical (and therefore extremely popular as of 2006) solution to the impending exhaustion of IPv4 address space. Networks that previously required a Class B IP range or a block of Class C network addresses can now be connected to the Internet with as little as a single IP address (many home networks are set up this way). The more common arrangement is having machines that require true bidirectional and unfettered connectivity supplied with a 'real' IP addresses, while having machines that do not provide services to outside users (e.g. a secretary's computer) tucked away behind NAT with only a few IP addresses used to enable Internet access.
Two kinds of network address translation exist. The type often popularly called simply "NAT" (also sometimes named "Network Address Port Translation" or "NAPT") refers to network address translation involving the mapping of port numbers, allowing multiple machines to share a single IP address. The other, technically simpler, form - also called NAT or "basic NAT" or "static NAT" - involves only address translation, not port mapping. This requires an external IP address for each simultaneous connection. Broadband routers often use this feature, sometimes labelled "DMZ host", to allow a designated computer to accept all external connections even when the router itself uses the only available external IP address.
NAT with port-translation comes in two sub-types: source address translation (source NAT), which re-writes the IP address of the computer which initiated the connection; and its counterpart, destination address translation (destination NAT). In practice, both are usually used together in coordination for two-way communication.
Some higher-layer protocols (such as FTP and SIP) send network layer address information inside application payloads. FTP in active mode, for example, uses separate connections for control traffic (commands) and for data traffic (file contents). When requesting a file transfer, the host making the request identifies the corresponding data connection by its layer 3 and layer 4 addresses. If the host making the request lies behind a simple NAT firewall, the translation of the IP address and/or TCP port number makes the information received by the server invalid.
An Application Layer Gateway (ALG) can fix this problem. An ALG software module running on a NAT firewall device updates any payload data made invalid by address translation. ALGs obviously need to understand the higher-layer protocol that they need to fix, and so each protocol with this problem requires a separate ALG.
Another possible solution to this problem is to use NAT traversal techniques using protocols such as STUN or ICE or proprietary approaches in a session border controller. NAT traversal is possible in both TCP- and UDP-based applications, but the UDP-based technique is simpler, more widely understood, and more compatible with legacy NATs. In either case, the high level protocol must be designed with NAT traversal in mind, and it does not work reliably across symmetric NATs or other poorly-behaved legacy NATs.
Yet another possibility is UPnP (Universal Plug and Play) or Bonjour but this requires the cooperation of the NAT device.
Most traditional client-server protocols (FTP being the main exception), however, do not send layer 3 contact information and therefore do not require any special treatment by NATs. In fact, avoiding NAT complications is practically a requirement when designing new higher-layer protocols today.
NATs can also cause problems where IPsec encryption is applied and in cases where multiple devices such as SIP phones are located behind a NAT. Phones which encrypt their signalling with IPsec encapsulate the port information within the IPsec packet meaning that NA(P)T devices cannot access and translate the port. In these cases the NA(P)T devices revert to simple NAT operation. This means that all traffic returning to the NAT will be mapped onto one client causing the service to fail. There are a couple of solutions to this problem, one is to use TLS which operates at level 4 in the OSI Reference Model and therefore does not mask the port number, or to Encapsulate the IPsec within UDP - the latter being the solution chosen by TISPAN to achieve secure NAT traversal.
Applications that deal with NAT sometimes need to characterize NAT by type. The STUN protocol [1] proposed to characterize Network address translation as Full cone NAT, restricted cone NAT, port restricted cone NAT or symmetric NAT. [2] Note that it is indeed called "cone" and not possibly a type of "clone".
With full cone NAT, also known as one-to-one NAT, all requests from the same internal IP address and port are mapped to the same external IP address and port. An external host can send a packet to the internal host, by sending a packet to the mapped external address.
With restricted cone NAT, all requests from the same internal IP address and port are mapped to the same external IP address and port. Unlike a full cone NAT, an external host can send a packet to the internal host only if the internal host had previously sent a packet to it.
Port restricted cone NAT is like a restricted cone NAT, but the restriction includes port numbers. Specifically, an external host can send a packet to a particular port on the internal host only if the internal host had previously sent a packet from that port to the external host.
With symmetric NAT all requests from the same internal IP address and port to a specific destination IP address and port are mapped to a unique external source IP address and port. If the same internal host sends a packet with the same source address and port to a different destination, a different mapping is used. Only an external host that receives a packet can send a UDP packet back to the internal host.
This classification is now abandoned, because many NAT implementations oscillate between the various types. For example, many NAT follow a port preservation design. For most communications, they will use the same values as internal and external port numbers. However, if two internal hosts attempt to communicate with the same external hosts using the same port number, the external port number used by the second host will be chosen at random. Such NAT will be sometimes perceived as restricted cone NAT and other times as symmetric NAT.
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