In 1996, World Health Organization estimated that more than one
million people were being infected daily. About 60% of these
infections occur in young less than 25 years of age, and of these
30% are less than 20 years. Between the ages of 14 and 19, STDs
occur more frequently in girls than boys by a ratio of nearly 2:1;
this equalizes by age 20. An estimated 340 million new cases of
syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia and trichomoniasis occurred
throughout the world in 1999.
Commonly reported prevalence of STDs among sexually active
adolescent girls both with and without lower genital tract symptoms
include chlamydia trachomatis (10-25%), neisseria gonorrhea (3 to
18%), syphilis (0 to 3%), trichomonas vaginalis (8 to 16%), and
herpes simplex virus (2 to 12%). Among adolescent boys with no
symptoms of urethritis, isolation rates include chlamydia
trachomatis (9 to 11%) and neisseria gonorrhea (2 to 3%).
STD stands for Sexually Transmitted Disease. These are diseases
caused by a pathogen (e.g. virus, bacterium, parasite, fungus),
transmitted between humans mainly through sexual intercourse
(vaginal sex, oral sex, anal sex). These diseases were known as
"venereal diseases" until the 1990s: Veneris is the Latin genitive
(possessive) form of the name Venus, the Roman goddess of love.
Nowadays, newer terms like sexually transmitted diseases (STD) or
sexually transmitted infections (STI) have been introduced in order
to make the warning more clear to the public.
STD incidence remains high in most of the world, despite
diagnostic and therapeutic advances that can rapidly treat patients
with many STDs noninfectious and cure most. In addition, worldwide
dissemination of drug-resistant bacteria (as penicillin-resistant
gonococci) reflects misuse of antibiotics and spread of resistant
clones by modern mobile populations. The effect of travel is most
dramatically illustrated by the rapid spread of the AIDS virus from
Africa to Europe and the Americas in the late 1970s.
Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs), commonly called Venereal
Diseases ("VD"), include the various infections transmitted through
sexual contact in which body fluids are shared. Sexual contact is
any type of intimate contact involving the penis, vagina, mouth, or
anus. Some STDs are more communicable than others, some cannot be
cured and all of them can be transmitted even when a person has no
symptoms. A person may be infected with the same STD more than once
because you usually do not become immune to them. Not only can you
be re-infected with the same STD, you may also have more than one
STD at the same time.
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The estimated total number of people living in the US with STD
is over sixty-five million. Every year, there are approximately
fifteen million new STD cases.
- 65 million of people living in the US with STD
- 15 million of new STD cases each year
- 2/3 of all STD's occurs in people 25 yrs of age or younger
- one in four new STD cases occur in teenagers
- cervical cancer in women is linked to HPV
- doctors are required to report newly diagnosed STD cases of
gonorrhea, syphilis, chlamydia
- hepatitis B to state health departments and the CDC
- one in four Americans have genital herpes, 80% of those with
herpes are unaware they have it
- at least one in four Americans will contract an STD at some
point in their lives
- 15% of all infertile American women are infertile because of
tubal damage caused by untreated STD
- 12% of all infertile American men are infertile because of
inflammation of the testicles and sterility caused by untreated
STD
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Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, Chancroid, Trichomoniasis,
bacterial vaginosis (BV), and Genital Herpes std
treatment is indicated for sex partners if the last sexual
encounter was within 60 days.
std treatment of Chlamydia is indicated for patients being
treated for Gonorrhea, and vice versa. (It is common to have these
two STD infections together) If STD diagnosis is not confirmed,
then empiric triple antibiotic std
treatment is advocated for the most common STDs - chlamydia
treatment, gonorrhea, and trichomoniasis. Triple STD antibiotic
regimen: Doxycycline 100 mg twice a day / 10 days; Cipro XR 500mg
or 1000mg one single dose (or Levaquin, or Tequin); and
Metronidazole 500 mg twice a day for 10 days.
Metronidazole is a nitroimidazole anti-infective medication used
mainly in the treatment of infections caused by susceptible
organisms, particularly anaerobic bacteria and protozoa. It is
marketed by Pfizer under the trade name Flagyl in the US, while
Sanofi-Aventis markets metronidazole
globally under the same tradename, Flagyl, and also by various
generic manufacturers, who sell it at a lower price. metronidazole
is also used as a gel preparation in the treatment of the
dermatological conditions such as rosacea (Rozex and Metro-Gel by
Galderma) and fungating tumours (Anabact, Cambridge Healthcare
Supplies).
Metronidazole is a prodrug. It is converted in anaerobic
organisms by the redox enzyme pyruvate-ferredoxin oxidoreductase.
The nitro group of metronidazole
is chemically reduced by ferredoxin (or a ferredoxin-linked
metabolic process) and the products are responsible for disrupting
the DNA helical structure, thus inhibiting nucleic acid
synthesis.
Metronidazole is selectively taken up by anaerobic bacteria and
sensitive protozoal organisms because of the ability of these
organisms to reduce metronidazole
to its active form intracellularly.
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Ciprofloxacin (aka
cipro) is the generic international name for the synthetic
antibiotic manufactured and sold by Bayer A.G. under the brand
names cipro,
ciproxin and ciprobay (and other brand names in other markets, e.g.
veterinary medicine), belonging to a group called fluoroquinolones.
Ciprofloxacin (cipro)
is bacteriocidal. Its mode of action depends upon blocking
bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA
gyrase, thereby causing double-stranded breaks in the bacterial
chromosome.
doxycycline is a member of the tetracycline antibiotics group
and is commonly used to treat a variety of infections. doxycycline
is a semi-synthetic tetracycline invented and clinically developed
in the early 1960s by Pfizer Inc. and marketed under the brand name
Vibramycin. Vibramycin received FDA approval in 1967, becoming
Pfizer's first once-a-day broad-spectrum antibiotic. Other brand
names include Monodox, Periostat, Vibra-Tabs, Doryx, Vibrox, Adoxa,
Doxyhexal and Atridox (topical doxycycline
hyclate for Periodontitis).
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STD treatment: Chlamydia,
gonorrhea, Chancroid,
trichomoniasis, Bacterial Vaginosis (BV), and Genital Herpes
STD treatment is indicated for sex partners if the last sexual
encounter was within 60 days. STD treatment of Chlamydia is
indicated for patients being treated for Gonorrhea, and vice versa.
(It is common to have these two STD infections together) If STD
diagnosis is not confirmed, then empiric triple antibiotic STD
therapy is advocated for the most common STDs - Chlamydia,
Gonorrhea, and Trichomoniasis. Triple STD antibiotic regimen:
Doxycycline 100 mg twice a day / 10 days; Cipro XR 500mg or 1000mg
one single dose (or Levaquin, or Tequin); and Metronidazole 500 mg
twice a day for 10 days.
References:
STD-GOV.org -
std
STD-GOV.org -
std
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